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СРЕДСТВА, СПОСОБЫ И ФОРМЫ ГРАЖДАНСКО-ПРАВОВОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ ПРАВ СТОРОН ПО ДОГОВОРУ ЗАЙМА: ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ
СРЕДСТВА, СПОСОБЫ И ФОРМЫ
ГРАЖДАНСКО-ПРАВОВОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ ПРАВ СТОРОН
ПО ДОГОВОРУ ЗАЙМА: ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ
А.И. ХАБИРОВ,
кандидат юридических наук,
старший преподаватель кафедры гражданского права юридического факультета
Казанского (Приволжского) федерального университета
DOI: 10.24031/2226-0781-2018-8-6-226-259
В статье проводится разграничение понятий «защита» и «охрана» прав, осу-
ществлен анализ существующих в науке мнений о понятии «защита граждан-
ских прав». Автором затронут вопрос об определении правовой природы права на
защиту и дана оценка имеющимся в научной литературе позициям. Далее на осно-
ве анализа средств, форм и способов защиты субъективного гражданского права
выделены элементы механизма защиты прав сторон по договору займа. В ста-
тье также рассмотрено понятие «форма защиты», приведены научные класси-
фикации форм защиты гражданских прав. Установлено, что стороны договора
займа защищают свои права как в юрисдикционной, так и в неюрисдикционной
форме, но применить меры самозащиты они не могут. Однако в рамках неюрис-
дикционной формы защиты своих прав стороны договора займа могут воспользо-
ваться мерами оперативного воздействия, которые в отличие от мер самозащи-
ты являются юридическими, а не фактическими действиями, и, следовательно,
их применение влечет правовые последствия. Доказано, что в зависимости от
предмета договора займа применяется та или иная мера оперативного воздей-
ствия. В случае избрания неюрисдикционной формы защиты и применения мер
оперативного воздействия средствами защиты сторон договора займа служат
заявление (уведомление), претензия, отказ от принятия ненадлежащего исполне-
ния, требование о надлежащем исполнении обязательства, удержание, примири-
тельные процедуры (например, медиация) и т.д. В рамках юрисдикционной фор-
мы защиты гражданских прав сторонами договора займа средствами защиты
являются иск, жалоба, заявление, ходатайства и иные виды обращений к компе-
тентным органам с требованием о защите. В статье также проводится ана-
лиз способов защиты прав сторон по договору займа. Сделан вывод, что приме-
нение того или иного способа защиты зависит от вида договора займа (бытовой,
потребительский), от предмета договора займа (деньги, иные вещи, определенные
родовыми признаками). Доказана необходимость дифференцированного подхода
к гражданско-правовой защите прав сторон по договору займа в зависимости от
субъектного состава, а именно в зависимости от того, является деятельность
по предоставлению займов профессиональной или нет. Также доказана необходи-
мость дифференциации механизма защиты прав сторон по договору денежного
займа и по договору вещевого (товарного) займа в связи с тем, что по каждому
из указанных договоров стороны обладают различным набором прав, которые
подлежат защите разными формами, средствами и способами.
Ключевые слова: договор займа; средства защиты; способы защиты; форма защи-
ты; механизм защиты.
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Information about the author
Khabirov A.I. (Kazan, Russia) – Candidate of Legal Sciences, Senior Lecturer of
the Department of Civil Law of the Law Faculty of the Kazan (Volga Region) Federal
University (420008, Kazan, Kremlyovskaya St., 18, Room 236; e-mail: art.khabir@gmail.
com).
Recommended citation
Khabirov A.I. Sredstva, sposoby i formy grazhdansko-pravovoj zashchity prav storon
po dogovoru zajma: teoreticheskij aspekt [Means, Methods and Forms of the Civil Protection
of Parties’ Rights Under a Loan Agreement: Theoretical Aspect]. Вестник граждан-
ского процесса = Herald of Civil Procedure, 2018, no. 6, p. 226–259. (In Russian) DOI:
10.24031/2226-0781-2018-8-6-226-259
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