Herald of Civil Procedure
EN
main-photo

We in a citing index:

CIVIL-LAW SET-OFF AND SET-OFF MADE WHEN THE COURT SATISFIES COUNTERCLAIMS AND INITIAL CLAIMS: THEORETICAL REFLECTIONS ON THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF LEGAL INSTITUTIONS

CIVIL-LAW SET-OFF AND SET-OFF MADE WHEN THE COURT SATISFIES
COUNTERCLAIMS AND INITIAL CLAIMS:
THEORETICAL REFLECTIONS ON THE SIMILARITIES
AND DIFFERENCES OF LEGAL INSTITUTIONS

D.B. ABUSHENKO,
Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor, Department of Civil Procedure,
Ural State Law University

DOI: 10.24031/2226-0781-2020-10-6-13-29

In this article, the author highlights the main scenarios on the basis of which the coexistence of
two seemingly similar legal institutions could be built – a civil set-off and a set-off made when
the court satisfies counterclaims and initial claims (a scenario based on the displacement of
one institution by another; a scenario based on the permissibility of parallel implementation
of each of the institutions; a scenario based on a mixed model of implementation of each
of the institutions). To identify the scenario that best meets the needs of the turnover and
the goals of effective judicial protection, the differences between these legal institutions are
analyzed (the distinction is made according to specific criteria that either manifest themselves
differently, or are present in one structure, but are absent in another). At the same time, the
analyzed legal institutions (civil offset and offset produced by the satisfaction of the court
counter and initial claims) are distinguished from similar legal phenomena – automatic setoff,
offset by the will of a third person, eventual set-off, objections on the surrender made by
the defendant during the trial and addressed the court, and the offset produced by the court
in the absence of will of the disputing parties in the resolution of the question of legal costs
and making a decision about a bilateral restitution.

Keywords: civil set-off; automatic set-off; eventual set-off; set-off made when the court
satisfies the counterclaim and initial claims; legal consequences of civil set-off made after the
initiation of legal proceedings on the counterclaim; recognition of the claim as a consequence
of civil set-off made after the initiation of legal proceedings on the counterclaim; legal
consequences of a counterclaim aimed at setting off the initial claim; recognition of the legal
validity of the passive obligation and the initial claim when the counterclaim is filed.

References

Abushenko D.B. Problemy vzaimovliianiia sudebnykh aktov i iuridicheskikh faktov
material’nogo prava v tsivilisticheskom protsesse: dis. … dokt. iurid. nauk [Problems of
Mutual Influence of Judicial Acts and Legal Facts of Substantive Law in Civil Procedure:
Thesis for a Doctor Degree in Law Sciences]. Yekaterinburg, 2014. 415 p. (In Russ.)
Abushenko D.B. Sravnitel’nyi analiz grazhdansko-pravovogo zacheta i zacheta, proizvodimogo
v ramkakh instituta vstrechnogo iska v arbitrazhnom i grazhdanskom protsesse
[Comparative Analysis of Civil and Legal Offset and Offset, Produced Within the Framework
of the Institution of Counterclaim in Arbitration and Civil Proceedings]. Vestnik
Federal’nogo arbitrazhnogo suda Ural’skogo okruga – Herald of the Federal Arbitration
Court of the Ural District, 2013, no. 2, pp. 66–72. (In Russ.)
Abushenko D.B. Vstrechnyi isk: voprosy material’nogo i protsessual’nogo prava [Counterclaim:
Issues of Substantive and Procedural Law]. In Problemy zashchity prav i zakonnykh
interesov grazhdan i organizatsii [Problems of Protecting the Rights and Legitimate
Interests of Citizens and Organizations]. Krasnodar: Kuban State University Publ.,
2002, pp. 160–164. (In Russ.)
Adamovich V.I. Vstrechnyi isk (k ucheniiu o zachete). Vyp. 1 [Counterclaim (to the Offset
Doctrine). Issue 1]. St. Petersburg: Typo-lithograph by A. Leifert, 1899. 290 p. (In Russ.)
Arapov N.T. Vstrechnyi isk v sovetskom grazhdanskom protsessual’nom prave: avtoref.
dis. … kand. iurid. nauk [Counterclaim in Soviet Civil Procedure Law: Synopsis of a Thesis
for a Candidate Degree in Law Sciences]. Tomsk, 1965. 25 p. (In Russ.)
Belov V.A. Avtomaticheskii zachet vzaimnykh trebovanii: mirovoi opyt i polozheniia
Grazhdanskogo kodeksa RF [Automatic Offset of Mutual Claims: World Experience
and the Provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation]. Vestnik ekonomichesko
go pravosudiia RF – Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation, 2018, no. 12,
pp. 73–97. (In Russ.)
Belov V.A. Kodeks evropeiskogo dogovornogo prava – European Contract Code: obshchii
i sravnitel’no-pravovoi kommentarii: v 2 kn. Kn. 1 [European Contract Code: General
and Comparative Legal Commentary. In 2 books. Book 1]. Moscow: Iurait, 2015. 308 p.
(In Russ.)
Bevzenko R.S., Fakhretdinov T.R. Zachet v grazhdanskom prave: opyt issledovaniia
teoreticheskoi konstruktsii i obobshcheniia sudebnoi praktiki [Credit in Civil Law: Experience
in Researching the Theoretical Construction and Generalization of Judicial Practice].
Moscow: Statut, 2006. 172 p. (In Russ.)
Borovikovskii A.L. (comp.). Ustav grazhdanskogo sudoproizvodstva s ob”iasneniiami
po resheniiam Grazhdanskogo kassatsionnogo departamenta i Obshchego sobraniia Kassatsionnykh
i I i II departamentov Pravitel’stvuiushchego senata [The Charter of Civil Procedure
with Explanations on the Decisions of the Civil Cassation Department and the
General Meeting of the Cassation and I and II Departments of the Governing Senate].
6th ed. St. Petersburg: A.S. Suvorin’s Printing House, 1908. 1087 p. (In Russ.)
Efimova L.G. Dogovory ob organizatsii raschetov: poniatie, vidy, sistema, pravovaia
priroda [Agreements on the Organization of Settlements: Concept, Types, System,
Legal Nature]. In Litovkin V.N., Iaroshenko K.B. (eds.). Grazhdanskoe pravo i sovremennost’:
sbornik statei, posviashchennyi pamiati M.I. Braginskogo [Civil Law and Modernity:
Collection of Articles Dedicated to the Memory of M.I. Braginsky]. Moscow: Statut,
2013, рр. 475–518. (In Russ.)
Egorov A.V. Sal’dirovanie i zachet: sootnoshenie poniatii dlia tselei osparivaniia pri
bankrotstve [Settling and Offset: The Relationship of Concepts for the Purposes of Challenging
in Bankruptcy]. Vestnik ekonomicheskogo pravosudiia RF – Bulletin of Economic
Justice of the Russian Federation, 2019, no. 7, pp. 36–65. (In Russ.)
Klein N.I. Vstrechnyi isk v sude i arbitrazhe [Counterclaim in Court and Arbitration].
Moscow: Iuridicheskaia literatura, 1964. 132 p. (In Russ.)
Kolesov P.P. Soedinenie iskov [Consolidation of Claims]. Arbitrazhnyi i grazhdanskii
protsess – Arbitration and Civil Procedure, 2003, no. 9, pp. 27–32. (In Russ.)
Komarov I.S. Zashchita otvetchika protiv iska v grazhdanskom i arbitrazhnom
protsesse: dis. ... kand. iurid. nauk [Defense of the Defendant Against a Claim in Civil
and Arbitration Proceedings: Thesis for a Candidate Degree in Law Sciences]. Yekaterinburg,
2012. 221 p. (In Russ.)
Krasheninnikov E.A. Osnovnye problemy zacheta [The Main Problems of Offset].
In Krasheninnikov E.A. (ed.). Ocherki po torgovomu pravu: sbornik nauchnykh trudov.
Vyp. 16 [Essays on Commercial Law: Collection of Scientific Papers. Issue 16]. Yaroslavl:
Yaroslavl State University Publ., 2009, pp. 3–28. (In Russ.)
Makeeva T.I., Kress V.V. O praktike razresheniia Arbitrazhnym sudom Tomskoi oblasti
grazhdansko-pravovykh sporov, sviazannykh s zachetami i vzaimozachetami [On the Practice
of Resolution by the Arbitration Court of the Tomsk Region of Civil Disputes Relat
ed to Offset and Offset]. Vestnik Vysshego Arbitrazhnogo Suda RF – Herald of the Supreme
Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, 2000, no. 11, pp. 74–82. (In Russ.)
Morandiere L.J. Grazhdanskoe pravo Frantsii. T. 1 [French Civil Law. Vol. 1]. Moscow:
Inostrannaia literatura, 1958. 742 p. (In Russ.)
Planiol M.; Gartman V.Iu. (trans.). Kurs frantsuzskogo grazhdanskogo prava. Ch. 1:
Teoriia ob obiazatel’stvakh [French Civil Law Course. Part 1: Commitment Theory].
Petrokov: Publishing of S. Pansky’s Printing House, 1911. 1004 p. (In Russ.)
Proekt knigi pervoi Grazhdanskogo ulozheniia s ob”iasnitel’noi zapiskoi [Draft Book
of the First Civil Code with an Explanatory Note]. St. Petersburg: State Printing House,
1895. 520 p. (In Russ.)
Puchinskii V.K. Priznanie storony v sovetskom grazhdanskom protsesse [Party Recognition
in Soviet Civil Procedure]. Moscow: Gosiurizdat, 1955. 99 p. (In Russ.)
Sarbash S.V. Prekrashchenie obiazatel’stv zachetom v arbitrazhnoi praktike [Termination
of Obligations by Offset in Arbitration Practice]. Khoziaistvo i pravo – Economy
and Law, 2001, no. 10, pp. 80–91. (In Russ.)
Savatier R.; Khalfina R.O. (trans.). Teoriia obiazatel’stv [Commitment Theory]. Moscow:
Progress, 1972. 440 p. (In Russ.)
Vavin N.G. Zachet obiazatel’stv [Offsetting Obligations]. 2nd ed. Moscow: P.P. Riabushinskii’s
Printing House, 1914. 66 p. (In Russ.)

Information about the author

D.B. Abushenko (Yekaterinburg, Russia) – Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor,
Department of Civil Procedure, Ural State Law University (21 Komsomolskaia St., Yekaterinburg,
620137, Russia; e-mail: [email protected]).

Recommended citation

Abushenko D.B. Grazhdansko-pravovoi zachet i zachet, proizvodimyi pri udovletvorenii
sudom vstrechnogo i pervonachal’nogo iskov: teoreticheskie razmyshleniia o skhodstve
i otlichiiakh pravovykh institutov [Civil-Law Set-off and Set-off Made When the
Court Satisfies Counterclaims and Initial Claims: Theoretical Reflections on the Similarities
and Differences of Legal Institutions]. Vestnik grazhdanskogo protsessa – Herald of
Civil Procedure, 2020, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 13–29. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24031/2226-
0781-2020-10-6-13-29

D.B. ABUSHENKO