We in a citing index:
MEANS, METHODS AND FORMS OF THE CIVIL PROTECTION OF PARTIES’ RIGHTS UNDER A LOAN AGREEMENT: THEORETICAL ASPECT
MEANS, METHODS AND FORMS OF THE CIVIL PROTECTION
OF PARTIES’ RIGHTS UNDER A LOAN AGREEMENT:
THEORETICAL ASPECT
A.I. KHABIROV,
Candidate of Legal Sciences,
Senior Lecturer of the Department of Civil Law of the Law Faculty
of the Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
DOI: 10.24031/2226-0781-2018-8-6-226-259
The article distinguishes the terms “protection” and “assertion” of rights, the analysis of
existing in science opinions about the concept of the protection of civil rights. The author
answers on the question of the definition of the legal nature of the right to defence and gives
the estimation of available positions in the scientific literature. Next on the basis of an analysis
of the means, forms and methods of protection of the subjective rights highlighted the
elements of the mechanism of civil law protection of the rights of the parties under the loan
agreement. The article also examined the concept of “a form of protection”, described the
scientific classification of the forms of protection of civil rights. It is established that the parties
of the contract of loan defend their rights both in jurisdictional and non-judicial forms,
but they cannot apply measures of self-defense. However, in non-judicial forms of protection
of their rights, the parties of the contract of loan can benefit from measures operational
impact, which unlike the self-protection measures were legal, as opposed to actual actions
and, therefore, their application entail legal consequences. It has been proven that depending
on the subject of the loan agreement shall apply a concrete measure of operational impact.
If non-judicial form of protection is elected, application of operational impact protection the
parties to the contract of loan provide a statement (notification), claim, refuse acceptance
of defective performance, the requirement of due performance of obligations, hold conciliation
procedures (e.g. mediation), etc. Within the jurisdictional protections of civil rights
by the parties to the contract of loan protections are claim, complaint, statement, petitions
and other appeals to the competent authorities of the requesting for protection. Also the article
includes an analysis of the ways how to protect the rights of the parties under the loan
agreement. It is concluded that the application of a protection method depends on the type
of loan agreement (household, consumer), the subject of the loan agreement (money, other
things with certain generic characteristics). The importance for a differentiated approach
to civil legal protection of the rights of the parties under the loan agreement, depending on
the subject composition, namely, depending on whether the lending activities is a professional
one or not is proved. Also it is proved the need for differentiation of the mechanism
of protection of the rights of the parties under contract of a cash loan or cloth loan due to
the fact that in each of these agreements the parties have different set of rights that are subject
to protection by different forms, ways and means.
Keywords: loan agreement; protection; assertion; remedies; forms of protection; protection
mechanisms.
References
Abova T.E. Okhrana khozyajstvennykh prav predpriyatij [Protection of Business
Rights of Enterprises]. Moscow, 1975. (In Russian)
Akhmetyanova Z.A. Veshchnoe pravo: Uchebnik [Property Law: Textbook]. Moscow,
2011. (In Russian)
Aleksandrov I.G. Zakonnost’ i pravootnosheniya v sovetskom obshchestve [Law and
Legal Relations in Soviet Society]. Moscow, 1955. (In Russian)
Alekseev S.S. Pravovye sredstva: postanovka problem, ponyatie, klassifikatsiya [Legal
Means: Problem Statement, Concept, Classification]. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo =
Soviet State and Law, 1987, no. 6. (In Russian)
Andreev Yu.N. Mekhanizm grazhdansko-pravovoj zashchity [Civil Protection Mechanism].
Moscow, 2010. (In Russian)
Andreev Yu.N. O sposobakh grazhdansko-pravovoj zashchity [On the Methods of
Civil Legal Protection]. Grazhdanskoe pravo = Civil Law, 2012, no. 4. (In Russian)
Apryatkina G.S. Problemnye voprosy teorii i praktiki primeneniya zakonodatel’stva
ob ispolnitel’nom proizvodstve [Problem Questions of the Theory and Practice of Application
of Legislation on Enforcement Proceedings]. Arbitrazhnaya praktika = Arbitration
Practice, 2001, no. 1. (In Russian)
Arefyev G.P. Ponyatie zashchity sub’ektivnykh prav [The Concept of Protection of Subjective
Rights]. In Protsessual’nye sredstva realizatsii konstitutsionnogo prava na sudebnuyu
i arbitrazhnuyu zashchitu [Procedural Means of the Implementation of the Constitutional
Right to Judicial and Arbitration Protection]. Kalinin, 1982. (In Russian)
Basin Yu.G., Didenko A.G. Zashchita sub’ektivnykh grazhdanskikh prav [Protection
of Subjective Civil Rights]. In Yuridicheskie nauki. Vyp. 1 [Legal Sciences. Issue 1]. Alma-
Ata, 1971. (In Russian)
Bayanov S. Trebuetsya obosnovanie [A Justification is Required]. ezh-Yurist = ezh-
Lawyer, 2014, no. 27. (In Russian)
Bazilevich A.I. Formy zashchity sub’ektivnykh grazhdanskikh prav: Avtoref. dis. …
kand. yurid. nauk [Forms of Protection of Subjective Civil Rights: Thesis for a Candidate
Degree in Law Sciences]. Ulyanovsk, 2001. (In Russian)
Belov V.A. Grazhdanskoe pravo: aktual’nye problemy teorii i praktiki [Civil Law:
Actual Problems of Theory and Practice]. Moscow, 2017. (In Russian)
Belykh V.S. Formy i sposoby pravovoj zashchity grazhdan [Forms and Methods of
Legal Protection of Citizens]. In Zashchita grazhdanskikh prav (militsiya, sud, prokuratura):
Prakticheskoe posobie [Protection of Civil Rights (Police, Court, Prosecutor’s
Office): Practical Guide]. Yekaterinburg, 1999. (In Russian)
Bogdanova E.E. Zashchita ot kontragenta. Problemy sub’ektivnykh grazhdanskikh prav
i interesov v dogovornykh otnosheniyah [Counterparty Protection. Problems of Subjective
Civil Rights and Interests in Contractual Relations]. Moscow, 2006. (In Russian)
Bratus S.N. Yuridicheskaya otvetstvennost’ i zakonnost’. Ocherk teorii [Legal Liability
and Legality. Essay Theory]. Moscow, 1976. (In Russian)
Bush I.A. Zashchita prav uchastnikov arendnykh otnoshenij po rossijskomu zakonodatelstvu:
Avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk [Protection of the Rights of Participants in
Rental Relations Under Russian Law: Thesis for a Candidate Degree in Law Sciences].
Saratov, 2011. (In Russian)
Butnev V.K. K ponyatiyu mekhanizma zashchity sub’ektivnykh prav [On the Concept
of the Mechanism of Protection of Subjective Rights]. In Sub’ektivnoe pravo: problemy
osushchestvleniya i zashchity [Subjective Law: Problems of Implementation and Protection].
Vladivostok, 1993. (In Russian)
Butnev V.V. Mekhanizm zashchity sub’ektivnykh prav [Subjective Rights Protection
Mechanism]. Lex Russica, 2014, no. 3. (In Russian)
Chechot D.M. Sub’ektivnoe pravo i formy ego zashchity [Subjective Law and Forms
of Its Protection]. Leningrad, 1968. (In Russian)
Chegovadze L.A. O zashchite grazhdanskikh prav i otvetstvennosti za ikh narushenie
[On the Protection of Civil Rights and Liability for Their Violation]. Yurist = Lawyer,
2013, no. 12. (In Russian)
Chelyshev M.Yu. Sistema mezhotraslevykh svyazej grazhdanskogo prava: tsivilisticheskoe
issledovanie: Avtoref. dis. … dokt. yurid. nauk [The System of Inter-Branch Relations
of Civil Law: Civil Studies: Thesis for a Doctor Degree in Law Sciences]. Kazan,
2009. (In Russian)
Dolinskaya V.V. Zashchita grazhdanskikh prav: sostoyanie, tendentsii i problemy pravovogo
regulirovaniya [Protection of Civil Rights: Status, Trends and Problems of Legal
Regulation]. In Aktual’nye problemy grazhdanskogo prava, grazhdanskogo i arbitrazhnogo
protsessa: Sbornik nauchnykh statej po materialam Mezhvuzovskoj nauchnoj konferentsii
(Voronezh, 15–16 marta 2002 g.) [Actual Problems of Civil Law, Civil and Arbitration
Procedure: Collection of Scientific Articles Based on the Materials of the Intercollegiate
Scientific Conference (Voronezh, 15–16 March 2002)]. Voronezh, 2002. (In Russian)
Eliseykin P.F. O strukture yuridicheskoj normy [On the Structure of Legal Norms].
In Problemy zashchity sub’ektivnykh prav i sovetskoe grazhdanskoe sudoproizvodstvo
[Problems of Protection of Subjective Rights and Soviet Civil Proceedings]. Yaroslavl,
1978. (In Russian)
Gataullin A.G., Yukovskaya I.V. Osobennosti dosudebnogo uregulirovaniya sporov
s uchastiem posrednika [Features of Pre-Trial Settlement of Disputes with the Participa-
-tion of a Mediator]. Vestnik Kazanskogo yuridicheskogo instituta MVD Rossii = Bulletin
of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2015, no. 1(19).
(In Russian)
Gataullin R.A., Yukovskaya I.V. Arsenal primireniya [Arsenal of Reconciliation]. Mediatsiya
i pravo = Mediation and Law, 2009, no. 3(5). (In Russian)
Genkin D.M. Sovetskoe grazhdanskoe pravo: Uchebnik dlya yur. vuzov [Soviet Civil
Law: Textbook for Law Schools]. Moscow, 1950. (In Russian)
Treushnikov M.K. (ed.). Grazhdanskij protsess: Uchebnik [Civil Procedure: Textbook].
Moscow, 2014. (In Russian)
Gongalo B.M. (ed.). Grazhdanskoe pravo: Uchebnik. V 2 t. T. 1 [Civil Law: Textbook.
In 2 vol. Vol. 1]. Moscow, 2017. (In Russian)
Stepanova S.A. (ed.). Grazhdanskoe pravo: Uchebnik. V 3 t. [Civil Law: Textbook.
In 3 vol.]. Moscow, 2010. (In Russian)
Gribanov V.P. Osushchestvlenie i zashchita grazhdanskikh prav [Exercise and Protection
of Civil Rights]. Moscow, 2001. (In Russian)
Illarionova T.I. Mekhanizm dejstviya grazhdansko-pravovykh okhranitelnykh mer
[The Mechanism of Action of Civil Law Enforcement Measures]. Sverdlovsk, 1980.
(In Russian)
Korshunov N.M. (ed.). Intellektualnaya sobstvennost: Kratkij uchebnyj kurs [Intellectual
Property: Short Training Course]. Moscow, 2005. (In Russian)
Ioffe O.S. Izbrannye trudy. T. 3: Obyazatel’stvennoe pravo [Selected Works. Vol. 3:
Law of Obligations]. St. Petersburg, 2004. (In Russian)
Ioffe O.S. Sovetskoe grazhdanskoe pravo [Soviet Civil Law]. Moscow, 1967. (In Russian)
Ivanov O.V. Zashchita grazhdanskikh prav kak pravovoj institut i kak nauchnaya problema
[Protection of Civil Rights as a Legal Institution and as a Scientific Problem]. Voprosy
sovetskogo gosudarstva i prava = Issues of the Soviet State and Law, 1967, vol. 45(3), issue 8.
(In Russian)
Karapetov A.G. Neustojka kak sredstvo zashchity prav kreditorov v rossijskom i zarubezhnom
prave [Penalty as a Means of Protecting the Rights of Creditors in Russian and
Foreign Law]. Moscow, 2005. (In Russian)
Khabirov A.I. Mery zashchity i mery otvetstvennosti po dogovoru zajma [Protection
Measures and Liability Measures Under the Loan Agreement]. Vestnik ekonomiki, prava
i sotsiologii = Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology, 2014, no. 4. (In Russian)
Khasanov R.A. Grazhdansko-pravovoj status obladatelya isklyuchitelnogo prava na
tovarnyj znak: Dis. … kand. yurid. nauk [The Civil Legal Status of the Owner of the
Exclusive Right to a Trademark: Thesis for a Candidate Degree in Law Sciences]. Kazan,
2010. (In Russian)
Klyk N.L. Soderzhanie sub’ektivnogo grazhdanskogo prava [The Content of Subjective
Civil Law]. In Pravosub’ektnost’ po grazhdanskomu i khozyaistvennomu pravu: Mezhvuzovskij
sbornik [Legal Personality in Civil and Commercial Law: Interuniversity Collection].
1983. (In Russian)
Korableva M.S. Zashchita grazhdanskikh prav: novye aspekty [Protection of Civil
Rights: New Aspects]. In Aktual’nye voprosy grazhdanskogo prava [Current Issues of Civil
Law]. Moscow, 1999. (In Russian)
Krasavchikov O.A. Kategorii nauki grazhdanskogo prava [Categories of Civil Law
Science]. Moscow, 2005. (In Russian)
Kravchenko A.A. K voprosu o ponyatii sposoba zashchity grazhdanskikh prav [On the
Concept of the Method of Protection of Civil Rights]. Advokat = Lawyer, 2014, no. 7.
(In Russian)
Kurylev S.V. O strukture yuridicheskoj normy [On the Structure of the Legal Norm].
Trudy Irkutskogo universiteta = Proceedings of the Irkutsk University, 1958, vol. 27(4)
(In Russian)
Makarov T.G. Obespechenie prav avtorov literaturnykh proizvedenij [Ensuring the
Rights of Authors of Literary Works]. Moscow, 2017. (In Russian)
Malko A.V. Teoriya gosudarstva i prava: Uchebnik [Theory of State and Law: Textbook].
Moscow, 2004. (In Russian)
Matuzov N.I. Pravovaya sistema i lichnost’ [Legal System and Personality]. Saratov,
1987. (In Russian)
Michurina E.A. Nekotorye sposoby obespecheniya ispolneniya kreditnykh obyazatel’stv:
Avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk [Some Ways to Enforce Credit Obligations: Thesis for
a Candidate Degree in Law Sciences]. Saratov, 2016. (In Russian)
Mineev O.A. Sposoby zashchity veshchnykh prav: Avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk
[Ways to Protect Property Rights: Thesis for a Candidate Degree in Law Sciences]. Volgograd,
2003. (In Russian)
Mongush B.S. Kategoriya «pravovye sredstva» primenitel’no k zashchite sub’ektivnogo
grazhdanskogo prava [The Category of “Legal Means” in Relation to the Protection of
Subjective Civil Law]. Semejnoe i zhilishchnoe pravo = Family and Housing Law, 2012,
no. 2. (In Russian)
Morozova L.A. Teoriya gosudarstva i prava: Uchebnik [Theory of State and Law:
Textbook]. Moscow, 2015. (In Russian)
Motovilovker E.Ya. Teoriya okhranitelnykh pravootnoshenij i osnovy grazhdanskogo
zakonodatel’stva Soyuza SSR i respublik [The Theory of Protective Legal Relations and the
Principles of Civil Legislation of the USSR and Republics]. In Reglamentatsiya zashchity
sub’ektivnykh prav v osnovakh grazhdanskogo zakonodatel’stva [Regulation of the Protection
of Subjective Rights in the Basics of Civil Law]. Yaroslavl, 1992. (In Russian)
Muratova D.A. Pravovaya priroda sposoba zashchity grazhdanskikh prav [The Legal
Nature of the Method of Protecting Civil Rights]. Rossijskaya yustitsiya = Russian Justice,
2009, no. 4. (In Russian)
Nikolsky S.V. Grazhdansko-pravovaya zashchita imushchestvennykh prav: Dis. …
kand. yurid. nauk [Civil Legal Protection of Property Rights: Thesis for a Candidate
Degree in Law Sciences]. Saratov, 2003. (In Russian)
Opikhtina E.G. Ponyatie i vidy yuridicheskikh lits, okazivayushchikh finansovye uslugi
[The Concept and Types of Legal Entities Providing Financial Services]. Vestnik ekonomiki,
prava i sotsiologii = Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology, 2015, no. 3. (In Russian)
Osipov Yu.K. Podvedomstvennost’ yuridicheskikh lits [Jurisdiction of Legal Entities].
Sverdlovsk, 1973. (In Russian)
Puginsky B.I. Grazhdansko-pravovye sredstva v khozyaistvennykh otnosheniyakh
[Civil Means in Business Relations]. Moscow, 1984. (In Russian)
Sukhanov E.A. (ed.). Rossijskoe grazhdanskoe pravo: Uchebnik. V 2 t. T. 1 [Russian
Civil Law: Textbook. In 2 vol. Vol. 1]. Moscow, 2011. (In Russian)
Rozhkova M.A. Sredstva i sposoby pravovoj zashchity storon kommercheskogo spora
[Means and Methods of Legal Protection of Parties to a Commercial Dispute]. Moscow,
2006. (In Russian)
Sabikenov S. Nekotorye voprosy zashchity sub’ektivnykh prav i okhranyaemykh zakonom
interesov sovetskikh grazhdan [Some Issues of Protection of Subjective Rights and Legally
Protected Interests of Soviet Citizens]. In Problemy gosudarstva i prava. Vyp. 9 [Problems
of State and Law. Issue 9]. Moscow, 1974. (In Russian)
Savvateev V.Yu. Grazhdansko-pravovaya zashchita prav uchastnikov predprinimatel’skikh
otnoshenij: Avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk [Civil Legal Protection of the Rights of Participants
in Business Relations: Thesis for a Candidate Degree in Law Sciences]. Samara,
2007. (In Russian)
Shakaryan M.S. Sootnoshenie sudebnoj formy s inymi formami zashchity sub’ektivnykh
prav grazhdan [The Ratio of the Judicial Form with Other Forms of Protection of the
Subjective Rights of Citizens]. In Aktual’nye problemy zashchity sub’ektivnykh prav grazhdan
i organizatsij [Actual Problems of Protecting the Subjective Rights of Citizens
and Organizations]. Moscow, 1985. (In Russian)
Sorokin Yu.A. Ponyatie sposoba zashchity grazhdanskikh prav. Klassifikatsiya sposobov
zashchity grazhdanskikh prav [The Concept of the Protection of Civil Rights. Classification
Methods of Protection of Civil Rights]. «Chernye dyry» v rossijskom zakonodatel’stve =
“Black Holes” in the Russian Legislation, 2007, no. 5. (In Russian)
Babiya B.M. (ed.). Sovetskij zakon i grazhdanin: yuridicheskij spravochnik. V 2 ch.
[Soviet Law and Citizen: Legal Guide. In 2 parts]. Kiev, 1980. (In Russian)
Ryasentsev V.A. (ed.). Sovetskoe grazhdanskoe pravo: Uchebnik. V 2 ch. [Soviet Civil
Law: Textbook. In 2 parts]. Moscow, 1986. (In Russian)
Stepin A.B. Analogiya zakona kak normativnoe sredstvo zashchity chastnogo prava [The
Analogy of the Law as a Normative Means of Protecting Private Law]. Sovremennoe pravo
= Modern Law, 2014, no. 3. (In Russian)
Stoyakin G.Ya. Mery zashchity v sovetskom grazhdanskom prave: Dis. … kand. yurid.
nauk [Protection Measures in Soviet Civil Law: Thesis for a Candidate Degree in Law
Sciences]. Sverdlovsk, 1973. (In Russian)
Sverdlyk G.A., Strauning L.A. Zashchita i samozashchita grazhdanskikh prav [Protection
and Self-Defense of Civil Rights]. Moscow, 2002. (In Russian)
Tigranyan A.R. Aktual’nye problemy teorii nichtozhnykh i osporimykh sdelok: Dis. …
kand. yurid. nauk [Actual Problems of the Theory of Void and Contestable Transactions:
Thesis for a Candidate Degree in Law Sciences]. Moscow, 2006. (In Russian)
Tsiganova O.A. Kharakteristika dosudebnykh sposobov zashchity prav grazhdan pri
poluchenii meditsinskoi pomoshchi [Characteristics of Pre-Trial Methods of Protecting
the Rights of Citizens When Receiving Medical Care]. Advokatskaya praktika = Law
Practice, 2013, no. 2. (In Russian)
Valeev D.Kh., Chelyshev M.Yu. Grazhdansko-pravovye sredstva v protsessual’nom
mekhanizme realizatsii prav grazhdan i organizatsij v ispolnitel’nom proizvodstve [Civil
Remedies in the Procedural Mechanism for the Implementation of the Rights of Citizens
and Organizations in Enforcement Proceedings]. Ispolnitel’noe pravo = Enforcement
Law, 2009, no. 4. (In Russian)
Vavilin E.V. Osushchestvlenie i zashchita grazhdanskikh prav [Exercise and Protection
of Civil Rights]. Moscow, 2009. (In Russian)
Vedyahin V.M., Shubina T.E. Zashchita prava kak pravovaya kategoriya [Legal Protection
as a Legal Category]. Pravovedenie = Jurisprudence, 1998, no. 1(220). (In Russian)
Vershinin A.P. Sposoby zashchity grazhdanskikh prav v sude: Avtoref. dis. … dokt.
yurid. nauk [Ways to Protect Civil Rights in Court: Thesis for a Doctor Degree in Law
Sciences]. St. Petersburg, 1998. (In Russian)
Vishnevsky A.A. Problema protsessual’nykh sredstv zashchity material’no-pravovykh
novell proekta izmenenij v GK RF [The Problem of Procedural Means of Protecting the
Substantive Novelties of the Draft Amendments to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation].
Zakon = Law, 2013, no. 2. (In Russian)
Vitryansky V.V. Problemy arbitrazhno-sudebnoj zashchity grazhdanskikh prav uchastnikov
imushchestvennogo oborota: Avtoref. dis. … dokt. yurid. nauk [Problems of Arbitration
and Judicial Protection of Civil Rights of Participants in Property Turnover: Thesis
for a Doctor Degree in Law Sciences]. Moscow, 1996. (In Russian)
Voloyanin V.P. Nesudebnye formy razresheniya grazhdansko-pravovykh sporov [Non-
Judicial Forms of Resolving Civil Disputes]. Sverdlovsk, 1974. (In Russian)
Yurchenko O.O. Pravo na zashchitu i sposoby zashchity okhranyaemogo zakonom
interesa v grazhdanskom prave: Dis. … kand. yurid. nauk [The Right to Protection and
Methods of Protection of a Legally Protected Interest in Civil Law: Thesis for a Candidate
Degree in Law Sciences]. Tver, 2004. (In Russian)
Yuzhanin N.V. Realizatsiya sub’ektivnogo prava na zashchitu posredstvom odnostoronnikh
pravookhranitelnykh mer [Realization of the Subjective Right to Protection Through
Unilateral Law Enforcement Measures]. Yurist = Lawyer, 2013, no. 15. (In Russian)
Zhivikhina I.B., Filippov P.M. Grazhdansko-pravovye sredstva zashchity interesov
sobstvennika pri prekrashchenii prava sobstvennosti [Civil Law Remedies for the Interests
of the Owner upon Termination of the Right of Ownership]. Grazhdanskoe pravo =
Civil Law, 2011, no. 4. (In Russian)
Information about the author
Khabirov A.I. (Kazan, Russia) – Candidate of Legal Sciences, Senior Lecturer of
the Department of Civil Law of the Law Faculty of the Kazan (Volga Region) Federal
University (420008, Kazan, Kremlyovskaya St., 18, Room 236; e-mail: art.khabir@gmail.
com).
Recommended citation
Khabirov A.I. Sredstva, sposoby i formy grazhdansko-pravovoj zashchity prav storon
po dogovoru zajma: teoreticheskij aspekt [Means, Methods and Forms of the Civil Protection
of Parties’ Rights Under a Loan Agreement: Theoretical Aspect]. Вестник граждан-
ского процесса = Herald of Civil Procedure, 2018, no. 6, p. 226–259. (In Russian) DOI:
10.24031/2226-0781-2018-8-6-226-259
A.I. KHABIROV
Advertisement
Our partners
